Contrasting effects of cyclophosphamide on anti‐CTL‐associated protein 4 blockade therapy in two mouse tumor models

Immune checkpoint blockade is a promising anticancer therapy, but must be used in combination with other anticancer therapies to increase its therapeutic efficacy. Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a chemotherapeutic drug that shows immune-modulating effects. In this study, we examined the effect of CP on anti-CTL-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) blockade therapy in two mouse tumor models. Drastic tumor regression was observed in the CT26 colon carcinoma model after i.p. injection of CP (100 mg/kg) followed by anti-CTLA-4 antibody. However, administration in the reverse order increased apoptosis in tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. In the RENCA renal carcinoma model, the antitumor effect of combination therapy was marginal and the tumor-bearing state reduced body weight with an increased serum level of interleukin-6. Interestingly, although CP monotherapy increased myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the spleens of both models, subsequent anti-CTLA-4 therapy increased MDSCs only in RENCA-bearing mice. Additionally, the serum levels of chemokine ligand 2 and C-X-C motif chemokine 10 were increased by the combination therapy only in RENCA-bearing mice and in vivo depletion of Gr-1+ cells augmented the antitumor effect to some degree. These results reveal a contrasting effect of CP on anti-CTLA-4 therapy between the two mouse tumor models. Cyclophosphamide augments the antitumor effect of anti-CTLA-4 therapy in CT26-bearing hosts, whereas CP after anti-CTLA-4 therapy attenuates this effect through induction of apoptosis in tumor-reactive T cells. Alternatively, CP-induced MDSCs can be increased by anti-CTLA-4 therapy only in RENCA-bearing hosts with an elevated level of interleukin-6.